Letters // On Scientology
Date: Tuesday, 15 August 1989
Publisher: St. Petersburg Times (Florida)
Main source: news.google.com
Calgary group to fight influx of mind-warping cultists
Date: Wednesday, 16 August 1978
Publisher: Calgary Herald (Canada)
Author: Patrick McMahon
Main source: link (177 KiB)
Date: Tuesday, 15 August 1989
Publisher: St. Petersburg Times (Florida)
Main source: news.google.com
Editor:
I was in Scientology for 12 years. Now I
face being jailed because I am talking to the public about the real
story of Scientology — that it involves hypnosis, brainwashing, and
satanism. All because I am trying to prevent what happened to me from
happening to other people.
It may seem by my violations of
the court order not to speak publicly about Scientology that I have no
respect for the law. Such is not the case. In fact at one point I think I
had more faith in the law than most.
I came to Florida in
1981 to sue the Scientologists because I knew that if the facts in my
case were presented to a jury in a court of law, the total
outrageousness of Scientology's conduct would become apparent. I trusted
totally in that jury and in the legal system to judge my case.
Instead, I never did get my jury trial, and in 1986 I made a settlement with the Scientologists that I regret.
So,
it is true that in speaking out against Scientology that I am violating
a federal court order. I would like to make an analogy which explains
why I am doing this:
If you were on a beach, and you saw
out at sea a boat with hundreds of people on it, and the boat was
sinking, you would naturally want to run for help. But suppose there was
a law against running on the beach.
Any sane person would run for help,
for the fact is that in some few cases morality can override the law.
I
believe the Scientologists to be psychological hostages and under the
influence of hypnosis, although they themselves do not perceive this to
be so, any more than I did while I was in Scientology. I became aware of
the fact only after I snapped out of the hypnosis a year and a half
after I left Scientology and realized what had happened to me.
I
believe that Scientology is an evil organization involving among other
things satanism, brainwashing, slave labor, and physical and emotional
abuse. I believe that the only moral thing for me to do is to try to
expose this situation to the public.
What can you do
about Scientology? Very simple. Become informed. Educate and protect
your children. I urge you to learn the truth about this cult.
Margery Wakefield, Tampa
And tomorrow...16 August...
Guardian Order 160370 [Flag Order 2516] // Guardian's Office and Sea Org
Date: Sunday, 16 August 1970
Publisher:
Author: L. Ron Hubbard
Main source: link (52 KiB)
Date: Sunday, 16 August 1970
Publisher:
Author: L. Ron Hubbard
Main source: link (52 KiB)
GUARDIAN ORDER
GO 160370 - LRH
All Gdn. personnel
Also issued as Flag Order 2516
All Gdn. personnel
Also issued as Flag Order 2516
16 August, 1970
GUARDIAN'S OFFICE AND SEA ORG
Efforts to promote Conflicts between the Guardian's Office and Sea Org will not be tolerated.
A
primary intelligence technique as used by the Japanese in their Greater
East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere was to carefully study the potential
animosities of various groups in a target country and then trigger them
off just before an attack. Internal dissent, whipped up by Japanese
agents, amongst these groups got them at each others throats. This
caused internal commotion in the country and made it next to impossible
to defend against a Japanese attack.
The technique in well
know, going back to Roman "Divide and Rule" but the Japanese brought it
to a high level of effectiveness. German Intelligence copied Japanese
methods (the German Hess studied Japanese Intelligence for 17 years
before taking charge of Hitler's intelligence strategy.) Russian
Intelligence is directly patterned on the German Intelligence service
and was even originally organized by a German (Wilhelm Stieber) and
continued to pattern after it. The Russians, being Asiatics, also
directly copy the Japanese.
The two effective Arms of Dianetics and Scientology are the Sea Org and the Guardian's Office.
If
trouble can be stirred up between these two or its principals, then, an
emeny or Scientology can feel freer and can damage Scientology or it
orgs or people.
Trouble of this kind has occurred in
England and in New York at a time when each of these two areas was under
savage attack. (UK by the government's extremists using the government
power to get rid of rivals) (NY where the notorious B. Green group
subverted the NY org and even reached into WW). It is very significant
that ONLY at those places and ONLY at those exact times has trouble been
promoted between the SO and the Gdn Office.
Any sign of
such trouble or attempts to promote it then reveals itself as a
potentially fruitful area for investigation by both the SO and the Gdn's
Office.
WHO is promoting the trouble, WITH WHOM is he or she connected.
It is SO and Gdn Office POLICY to:
UNIFORMLY REGARD SUCH EFFORTS AS OF HOSTILE ORIGIN TO BOTH.
TREAT ANY SUCH INFORMATION OF HOSTILlTY AS AN IMPORTANT OUT-POINT.
INSTANTLY
RUN DOWN EFFORTS TO THIRD PARTY THE SO TO GDM OFFICE OR VICE VERSA AND
HANDLE THE PERSON OR GROUP FOUND WITH FULL COOPERATION.
L. RON HUBBARD
FOUNDER
FOUNDER
LRH:rr
U.S. charges Scientology conspiracy // 11 church agents accused of spying, bugging and theft
Date: Wednesday, 16 August 1978
Publisher: Washington Post
Author: Timothy S. Robinson
Main source: link (239 KiB)
Date: Wednesday, 16 August 1978
Publisher: Washington Post
Author: Timothy S. Robinson
Main source: link (239 KiB)
Eleven high officials and agents of the Church of
Scientology, including the wife of founder L. Ron Hubbard, were charged
here yesterday in an allegedly widespread conspiracy to plant spies in
government agencies, break into government offices, steal official
documents and bug government meetings.
Much of the
evidence outlined against the church's officials in the 28-count
criminal indictment appears to be based on the church's own internal
memorandums and other documents. The memorandums directed church
operatives to "use any method" in its battle with the government.
Church
spies were used, according to the indictment, to find out about
Scientology's tax-exempt status, rummage through government files to get
Information on the church and on persons or groups it perceived to be
its "enemies." They were also used as an "early warning system" to
protect Hubbard from government scrutiny, the indictment alleged.
Assistant
U.S. Attorney Raymond Banoun asked that arrest warrants be issued
immediately for the church's Worldwide Guardian, Jane Kember, and her
chief aide, Morris (Mo) Budlong, in England, and said extradition
proceedings against them would begin soon.
The other
indicted church members, including Commodore Staff Guardian Mary Sue
Hubbard, the wife of the founder, are scheduled to appear in federal
court here at 1 p.m. Thursday. Banoun said he had been assured by
attorneys for those church members that they would appear as scheduled.
A
spokesman for the church, which is described in its literature as an
"applied religious philosophy which believes that man is a spiritual
being and is basically good," said the indictment is the latest episode
in nearly 30 years of harassment against the church by government
agencies.
". . . If justice is done our members will be
exonerated as any have been who have fought for religious freedom
against government oppression throughout history," said the church's
Deputy U.S. Guardian Henning Heldt, who was among those indicted
yesterday.
The indictment charges that the church's
"guardian office" included a bureau that "was assigned the
responsibility for the conduct of covert operations," and that all of
those charged with crimes were members or officials of that bureau.
The
church said, however, that the guardian office is the "social reform
arm of the church." Church attorney Phillip J. Hirshkop described the
indictments as part of a "bureaucratic vendetta against Scientology" and
said "any actions attributable to church members is a direct result of
government misconduct."
The 42-page indictment, one of
the longest returned by a grand jury here in recent memory, climaxes a
sometimes bizarre investigation that began when two Scientology
operatives were confronted by FBI agents in June 1976 in the federal
courthouse here after employes became suspicious of their regular
nighttime presence.
The two men, who had entered the
building by using allegedly forged Internal Revenue Service passes, were
allowed to leave. Unknown to the agents at the time, the two were part
of the alleged undercover Scientology operation and had been assigned to
the courthouse to enter offices there and copy documents, according to
the indictment.
The two men then fled to California and
with Scientology officials concocted a cover story to explain their
presence in the courthouse, according to the indictment. One of them,
Gerald Bennett Wolfe, returned to the courthouse here a year later and
pleaded guilty to using fake IRS credentials. He was placed on
probation.
The other alleged courthouse intruder, Michael
Meisner, had been hidden by the church in Los Angeles for more than a
year, having had his appearance changed and using a false name,
according to the indictment. When he threatened to return to Washington
against the church's will, he was held under guard and his "bodyguard
crew" was told to "gag, handcuff" him if necessary, the indictment
continued.
Meisner escaped from his guards in June 1977
and came to Washington, where he agreed to plead guilty to a five-year
felony. He is the government's main informant against the church, and is
being held under tight security.
When he came to
Washington, Meisner outlined the alleged Scientology infiltration plot
in great detail to federal agents and they obtained a search warrant for
the church's headquarters in Los Angeles and Washington. Those warrants
were executed on July 8, 1977, and resulted in a massive seizure of
church documents that reportedly outlined a campaign of harassment and
infiltration directed against numerous individual critics of the church
as well as against government officials and agents.
According
to the indictment returned yesterday, the alleged criminal conspiracy
by the church began on Nov. 21, 1973, when Kember directed Heldt and his
staff to obtain all Interpol (the international police organization)
documents concerning Scientology and Hubbard.
Meisner was
brought into the plot in mid-1974 when he was told by a superior, Cindy
Raymond, that he was to help her place a "loyal Scientology agent" as
an IRS employe in the District of Columbia, the indictment stated.
Raymond, identified as the national secretary of the church's U. S.
information bureau, was among those charged yesterday.
Kember
issued another order, known in church terminology as Guardian Program
Order 1361, in October 1974, directing the infiltration of the tax
division of the Justice Department, according to the indictment.
Two
of those who received that order, Deputy Guardian-Information U.S.
Richard Weigand and Deputy-Deputy Guardian U.S. Duke Snider, also were
charged in yesterday's criminal conspiracy.
Within days
of that order, according to the indictment, three Scientology agents
planted an electronic listening device or "bug" in an IRS conference
room here and "recorded an IRS meeting concerning Scientology's
application for tax-exempt status and related matters." Less than 18
days later, Wolfe was employed as a clerk-typist at the IRS.
One
of the agents who allegedly planted the bug, Mitchell Herman (also
known as Mike Cooper), also was charged yesterday. At the time of the
alleged offense, his title with the church was Branch I director of the
Guardian's office, D.C.
Once Wolfe was in place at IRS,
the indictment charged, he began stealing IRS documents that would then
be flown out to the church's top officials in the Los Angeles area.
Among
the IRS offices from which Wolfe stole documents were the chief
counsel's office, that of an assistant IRS commissioner, and other
lawyers, according to the charges.
In May 1975, Wolfe
also turned his attention to the tax division of Justice and stole
documents from the offices of three attorneys there as well, the
indictment charged.
Mary Sue Hubbard then told Kember and
Heldt on May 27, 1975, to "use any method at our disposal to win the
battle and gain our nonprofit (tax) status," according to the charges.
Gregory Willardson, then the Church's Information Bureau Branch I
director in the United States, soon wrote a letter to Meisner asking him
to prepare a plan to get further IRS documents, the indictment stated.
Willardson also was charged yesterday.
Six months later,
an order known as the "Early Warning System" was issued by the church
hierarchy, and it was "designed to protect the 'personal security' of"
L. Ron Hubbard, the indictment stated.
"The order called
for the infiltration of government agencies which had power to subpoena
or bring suits against Hubbard or which would possess advance warning of
such subpoenas or suits," the indictment continued.
The indictment said that as the plot continued:
*
A Scientologist, Sharon Thomas, was placed in a job at the Justice
Department as a secretary and stole documents from an attorney's office
there.
* Guardian's office officials met in Los Angeles
to discuss the burglaries, the infiltrations, and documents obtained by
Scientologists.
* Meisner and Wolfe forged IRS
credentials and used them to break into the offices of Assistant, U.S.
Attorney Nathan Dedell at the U.S. Courthouse here.
*
Meisner and Wolfe broke into the offices of Associate Deputy Attorney
General Togo G. West Jr. and Special Assistant to the Assistant Attorney
General for Administration John F. Shaw and stole documents from both
places.
* Even after charges were filed against Wolfe and
Meisner in connection with the alleged illegal use of IRS credentials,
the church tried to implement what it called "Project Troy." That
project reportedly called for the installation of a permanent "bug" in
the IRS chief counsel's office, and was approved by Heldt on Dec. 20,
1976.
* In May 1977, the church again called for the
infiltration of the U.S. Attorney's Office in Washington "for the
purpose of obtaining information about any potential legal action
against L. Ron Hubbard."
All of the defendants except
Wolfe and Thomas are charged with one count of conspiracy to steal
government documents, burglarize government offices, intercept oral
communications and forge government passes; 10 counts of theft of
government property, one count of intercepting oral communications; 10
counts of burglary, and one count of conspiracy to obstruct justice, to
obstruct an investigation, to harbor a fugitive, and to make false
declarations before a grand jury.
The second conspiracy
count with which those persons are charged deals with the church's
alleged attempt to block any detection by the government of the
infiltration plot, and to stop Meisner from going to Washington against
the church's will.
Much of the planning concerning the
alleged harboring of Meisner came directly from Mary Sue Hubbard,
according to the indictement. At one point, she reportedly asked for a
listing of all the buildings he had illegally entered for the church.
Her
last instructions about Meisner mentioned in the indictment came on
July 3, 1977, when he had already fled the church. In a letter to Heldt,
she directed the church to "utilize resources to figure out a way to
defuse him (Meisner) would he turn traitor," the indictment said.
Wolfe
was charged with the conspiracy to obstruct justice count; five counts
of theft of government property; six counts of burglary, and four counts
of making false declarations before a grand jury. Thomas was charged
with the conspiracy to break Into government offices, three counts of
theft of government property and two counts of burglary.
All of the defendants except Kember and Budlong live in the Los Angeles area, according to the government.
Church of Scientology attacks investigators and critics
Date: Wednesday, 16 August 1978
Publisher: Washington Post
Author: Ron Shaffer
Main source: link (170 KiB)
Date: Wednesday, 16 August 1978
Publisher: Washington Post
Author: Ron Shaffer
Main source: link (170 KiB)
The Church of Scientology is an organization that fervidly
shuns investigations. When probed, it attacks the investigators. When
criticized, it makes the critics pay.
Church attempts to
stifle investigations and criticism include lawsuits, harassment,
frameups and attempts to have critics jailed, or at least enjoined from
talking about Scientology.
If there is "a long-term
threat" to Scientology, founder L. Ron Hubbard wrote in a confidential
memorandum to his staff, "you are to immediately evaluate and originate a
black PR campaign to destroy the person's repute and to discredit them
so thoroughly that they will be ostracized."
A black
public relations campaign, Hubbard wrote in an earlier memo, involves an
anonymous source placing "lies and derogatory data into public view."
Information
from these and other church memos and documents, along with the
complaints of some who have opposed the sect, provide an inside glimpse
of some of the Scientology tactics at a time when the government is
alleging that the church has broken the law.
Hubbard, 67, a
former fiction writer who started the Scientology religion in the
1950s, make no distinction in some memos between an investigator and an
attacker. Instructions to his followers make his demands clear.
"Never
agree to an investigation of Scientology," he decrees. "Only agree to
an investigation of the attackers . . . start investigating them
promptly for felonies or worse . . . start feeding lurid, blood, sex,
crime, actual evidence (sic) on the attackers to the press. . . . Make
it rough, rough on the attackers all the way."
Reporters
and government officials who look into Scientology have their intentions
rooted in evil, according to some of Hubbard's memos.
"They
have proven they want no facts, and will only lie no matter what they
discover. So banish all ideas that any fair hearing is intended and
start our attack with their first breath.
"There has
never yet been an attacker who was not reeking with crime. All we had to
do was look for it and murder would come out."
While the
Church of Scientology has yet to disclose anything so sinister behind
the current government investigation, it has made a number of attempts
to take the offense.
Scientologists have slapped a $750
million suit on the government, alleging interference with their
constitutional right to practice religion.
They have
handed out cartoons depicting one judge as a Nazi and the chief federal
prosecutor, Raymond Banoun, as a baboon. The Scientologists have accused
Banoun of making "gross misrepresentations" about them, and have filed
complaints about him with the D.C. Bar Association, the Justice
Department's office of professional responsibility, and the White House.
The
church has filed scores of motions here and in Los Angeles in an
attempt to have the government's case thrown out. As those failed, the
church announced it was forming a group to investigate the government.
The
American Citizens for Honesty In Government (ACHG) as Scientologists
called it, is supposed to spy on the government to expose "government
crimes."
One of the church's news releases in recent
months claims the current government investigation stems from fear the
church will reveal these alleged crimes.
Three weeks ago
the Scientologists held an unusual press reception to introduce some of
the church's members who they felt were going to be indicted. Officials
spent much of their time at this reception attacking the FBI for alleged
excesses in its raids on the church's files here and in Los Angeles.
In
the face of danger from government or courts, Hubbard wrote in one
memo, "make enough threat clamor to cause the enemy to quail.
"If
attacked on some vulnerable point by anyone or anything or any
organization, always find or manufacture enough threat against them to
cause them to sue for peace."
Citizens critical of the
church have found themselves hit with lawsuits. With some that has meant
legal expenses of thousands of dollars:
* Nan McLean, a
former member of the church, publically accused it of "brainwashing and
enslaving people." She has been sued eight times for a total of more
than $5 million Scientologists held a mock funeral in her Canadian
hometown, complete with empty coffin and pallbearers, to pray for her
soul.
* Lorna Levett, another former Scientology
official, told a newspaper she had been used by the church to bilk
followers out of money. Scientology sued her for several hundred
thousand dollars. She says she subsequently received in the mail,
anonymously, a shark's tooth and a hangman's noose.
* The
Clearwater (Fla.) Sun., the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and ABC television
all have made investigations and reports on Scientology in recent years.
They have been sued for $1 million, $2.5 million and $10 million,
respectively.
Gabriel Cazares, the former mayor of
Clearwater, says he believes the church sues people primarily to punish
them, He calls it "legal terrorism." Cazares, as mayor of Clearwater,
spoke out against the church when Scientologists made large land
purchases in his town. The church sued him for $2 million. A federal
judge last month dismissed the suit, but Cazares' lawyer estimated his
legal fees at between $40,000 and $70,000.
Hubbard, in one of his memos, noted the usefulness of lawsuits.
"The
purpose of a suit is to harass and discourage rather than to win," he
said. "The law can be used very easily to harass, and enough harassment
on somebody who is simply on the thin edge anyway . . . will generally
be sufficient to cause his professional decease. If possible, of course,
ruin him utterly."
Kenneth Whitman, a top church
official, said yesterday that many of the Hubbard's quotes were
"developed from the point of view of being under attack." Hubbard's
reference to using "black PR" was cancelled by a later memo, Whitman
said. Other quotes have not been canceled, he said.
Whiteman
said the church has sued only as a last resort. "They (the defendants)
have persisted in printing or airing false information about the church,
false reports originating from U.S. intelligence agencies," he said.
Some of those in the press who have been sued see the lawsuits as an abridgement of their First Amendment rights.
"It's
nothing but an attempt to restrain free discussion about what they're
doing," said Sidney Katz, an investigative reporter fort the Toronto
Star.
Everts Graham, managing editor of the St Louis
Post-Dispatch, said, "Anyone who seeks to punish by bringing large legal
fees works to inhibit the free flow of discussion," he said.
Post-Dispatch legal fees are approaching $100,000 according to sources
at the newspaper.
The church first demanded that the newspaper stop running its investigative series, and sued when that demand was ignored.
The Washington Post incurred some legal expenses earlier
this year when the church served subpoenas on this reporter, demanding
that all material used in compiling several stories on Scientology be
turned over to the court. Both subpoenas were quashed.
In most other instances cited in this article, suits brought by the church have been dismissed, or are pending.
"We
do not want Scientology to be reported in the press, anywhere else than
on the religious page of newspapers," Hubbard said in one of his memos.
"It is destructive word of mouth to permit the public presses to
express their biased and badly reported sensationalism. Therefore, we
should be very alert to sue for slander at the slightest chance so as to
discourage the public presses from mentioning Scientology."
In his memos, Hubbard is explicit about the kind of dedication he expects from church followers.
"We're
not playing some minor game in Scientology," he wrote. "It isn't cute
or something to do for lack of something better. The whole agonized
future of this planet, every man, woman and child on it, and your own
destiny for the next endless trillions of years depends on what you do
here and now with and in Scientology.
This is a deadly serious
activity."
Date: Wednesday, 16 August 1978
Publisher: Calgary Herald (Canada)
Author: Patrick McMahon
Main source: link (177 KiB)
A group of concerned Calgarians ex-Scientologists and parents
of youngsters of the various mind-warping, brainwashing cults such as
Hare Krishna and the Unification Church (Moonies), have got together and
formed an organization.
Its main functions will be to
combat such cults, to help parents cope with and understand the
situation when their children fall prey to them and, where possible, to
rescue the victims and help them get their heads back together.
They
held their first meeting recently, with 17 people forming the nucleus
of the new organization. They have been in contact with similar groups
in eastern Canada and the U.S.
Anti-cult activist
organizations have been springing up throughout North America to do
battle with these terrible quasi-religious outfits which entrap troubled
young people and use them to raise massive sums of money for their
"masters". One of the bigger ones, a Texas-based anti-cult society, has a
paid lobbyist in Washington.
Only now, after they have
become one of the most serious problems involving young people today,
are these cults beginning to attract the glare of publicity that should
have been shone on them years ago.
Hopefully, it isn't too
late. However, Ted Patrick, the famed U.S. "deprogrammer" who recently
rescued a young Vancouver man from Hare Krishna, had some frightening
words for reporters.
He said that Moonies — adherants of
the notorious Korean Sun Myung Moon's Unification Church — have
infiltrated offices of U.S. senators and congressmen, the FBI and the
U.S. Attorney General's office.
He said cult members are
fed on as little as 50 cents a day, while bringing up to $300 per day
for their masters by begging and other activities.
That figure ties in with what a Calgary woman whose son is a Moonie told me.
She
visited the boy in Kansas at a time when he was a member of a mobile
fund-raising team, going from town to town selling candy that had been
made in a factory the "church"owns. They also begged and they peddled
close-to-dying flowers they'd taken from the garbage bins of florist
shops.
The boy was being upbraided for failing to bring
in his quota. Despite the fact that he had been canvassing for 16 to 18
hours that day, he had raised only $50. His mother, who was feigning a
sympathetic attitude toward her son's lifestyle, was shown the records
of the other six canvassers by the team's "captain". They had all
brought in between $200 and $300.
Think about that.
That's better than $1,800 per day for the Moonie masters from just one
day's activity by a single seven person fund-raising team. But the
Moonies claim a membership of over 30,000 persons in North America
alone. And, income is tax-free because of their status as a so-called
"church".
These money-grubbing cult seek out mixed-up,
unhappy kids, often kids who have been involved in drugs or are in a
state of deep depression or anxiety. They lure them out to isolated
indoctrination centers without telling their victims who they are and
with highly-sophisticated brainwashing techniques, which have been
refined for literally thousands of years, take control of their minds.
Of
course once a kid is brainwashed, he honestly believes he is acting of
his own free will. Thus, the laws ensuring freedom of religion protect
the cults, despite the fact that they are not religions at all, but
money-making con games run by rich, ruthless men.
When
anyone speaks out against them, of course, he threatens the money tree,
and so the cults immediately accuse the detractor of religious
persecution. Law suits launched only to harass their enemies are common.
"Deprogrammers",
like Patrick, who physically tear victims away from their enslavement
and work with them until the brainwashing is undone and they have
regained control of their own minds, are loudly denounced as infringing
on religious freedom.
Saddest of all, the cults are
constantly abetted by well-meaning people (who generally have no idea
what they're talking about) comparing opposition to such brainwashing
money-hustlers with real religious oppressed.
There is absolutely no similarity whatsoever.
A brainwashed kid is not acting of his own volition. He just thinks he is.
The
women I mentioned told me she went to the Canadian consulate in a U.S.
city and raised the point I brought up earlier: Since Canadian kids
snared by these outfits are in the United States illegally, how come the
American immigration authorities don't depart them?
"I was informed that they fix them up with phoney identification papers," she said.
* * *
I
am told the Moonies are dealing on some land in Alberta with a view
toward setting up an indoctrination center here, and that an American
member currently living in Toronto is scheduled to come out and head it
up.
If that turns out to be the case, let's hope they're
unmercifully hassled by the immigration department, the income tax
people, the officials who are involved with licensing salespeople,
charitable solicitations and such, the police and anyone else who might
be able to persuade them to get lost.
Right now, most of
their Canadian victims are grabbed off the streets of Vancouver and
Toronto or places like Fishermen's Wharf in San Francisco, a hotbed of
cult recruitment.
We don't need them that close to home.
Meanwhile,
if you've lost a child to one of the cults, and would like to be put in
touch with the new Calgary organization, give me a call.
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